Peripheral nerves function as the communicative link between the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body. They are essential for various muscular activities. Anomalies in these nerves can manifest as tumors. Although the root cause for most is undetermined, some have genetic origins. While a majority of these tumors are benign, they can still result in nerve impairment and muscle dysfunction. It’s crucial to seek medical attention when experiencing unusual symptoms.

Types of Peripheral Nerve Tumors

• Schwannoma: Predominantly found in adults, this is the most frequent benign peripheral nerve tumor. Schwannomas originate from Schwann cells, which envelop the nerves. They generally grow at a slow pace. Sometimes, they take on unique shapes, like the “dumbbell tumors” found within the spine or pelvis. In rare instances, schwannomas near the brainstem, such as vestibular schwannomas, can impair balance or hearing.
• Neurofibroma: This tumor typically develops in the nerve’s core. It’s most associated with a genetic disorder, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), causing benign tumors on nerves. Individuals with NF1 may experience other complications, including bone deformities and optic gliomas.
• Perineurioma: A rare type of benign tumor arising from the perineurial cells surrounding the peripheral nerve sheath. It can be intraneural (inside the nerve) or extraneural (outside the nerve).
• Lipoma: Characterized by slow-growing fat cells, this benign tumor often manifests as a soft lump under the skin. It’s typically harmless, though in some instances, it may press against a nerve.
• Ganglion cyst: Originating near joints, the cause of some ganglion cysts can be attributed to injuries. They can compress neighboring nerves and may require surgical removal.

Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Tumors

While benign, peripheral nerve tumors can cause:

• Visible lumps or swelling
• Sensations of pain, tingling, or numbness
• Muscle weakness or functional loss
• Dizziness or balance issues

Underlying Causes

While the exact cause remains elusive for most tumors, genetics play a pivotal role in conditions like schwannoma and neurofibroma. Schwannomas often begin in a singular bundle inside the primary nerve, while neurofibromas typically emerge from several nerve bundles. Other benign tumors like lipomas and ganglion cysts form outside the nerves and can exert pressure on them.

For expert consultation and further information on peripheral nerve tumors, reach out to Dr. BSV Raju.